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Androids and its versions




 Different Versions of Android:

Following are different versions of android:

  • Android 1.5 Cupcake (April 2009)

  • Android 1.6 Donut (September 2009)

  • Android 2.0-2.1 Éclair (October 2009, January 2010)

  • Android 2.2 Froyo (May 2010)

  • Android 2.3 Gingerbread (December 2010)

  • Android 3.0-3.2 Honeycomb (February 2011, May 2011, July 2011)

  • Android 4.0 Ice-Cream Sandwich (October 2011)

  • Android 4.1-4.3 Jellybean (July 2012, November 2012, July 2013)

  • Android 4.4 Kit-Kat (October 2013)

  • Android 5.0-5.1 Lollipop (November 2014, March 2015)

  • Android 6.0 Marshmallow (October 2015)

  • Android 7.0-7.1 Nougat (August 2016, December 2016)

  • Android 8.0-8.1 Oreo (August 2017, December 2017)

  • Android 9.0 Pie (August 2018)

  • Android 10 (September 2019)

  • Android 11 (September 2020)


Android 1.0:

Androids official debut was in 2008 with the release of Android 1.0. This version didn’t have code name. This was a simple upgradable android OS which include built-in apps like Gmail, Map, YouTube, etc.

In 2009, Android 1.5 (Cupcake) was released. This was first app with code name. Video recording option was included for the first time in this version. This version also supports third-party apps.

Later this year, Android 1.6 (Donut) was released. In addition to previous version, this version includes different screen resolutions and CDMA networking.


Android 2.0:

After 1.5 months, new version Android 2.0 (Éclair) was released. Mainstream was added for the first time in android. Live wallpapers and speech-to-text functions were also introduced for the first time in this version. Pinch to zoom and navigation guidance were also part of it.

In May 2010, Android 2.2 (Froyo) was released. This version includes front-cam, voice assistance. Android introduced support flash to Android web-browser for the first time. 


Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) was introduced in 2010 which became famous for its visual identity feature.



Android 3.0:

In 2011, Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) was released. This was only tablet-supported version. This includes on-screen buttons for the first time. New card like interface was introduced which replaced the traditional menu. This contains the list of recent apps.


Android 4.0:

Android 4.0 (ice-cream Sandwich) was release in the same year of previous release. This version included improvements in display and swapping of android. This version supported both tablets and apps.

Android 4.1 (Jelly-Bean) was introduced with a polished and poise capability. First Google Now was introduced in this version. This introduced Multi-user support and also includes feature of placing widgets on the screen.

In 2013, Android 4.4 (Kit-Kat) was introduced with the full panel UI. Standalone launcher was another feature of this version. The background was light colored


Android 5.0:

Android 5.0 (Lollipop) was introduced in late 2014. This was the start of a new era. A new feature showing the notifications on a lock screen was introduced in this version. This version provided a new look to the apps.


Android 6.0:

In 2015, Android 6.0 (Marshmallow) was released. Screen-search feature, app permissions, fingerprint reader and USB-c support were main additions of this version.


Android 7.0:

Android 7.0 (Nougat) was released in 2016. Google assistant, split-screen mode, notification organization and data saver feature was introduced in this version.


Android 8.0:

Android 8.0 (Oreo) was introduced with some extra ordinary features. Notification snoozing option, distinctive design, picture-in-picture mode and a better platform were mains of this system.


Android 9.0:

Android 9.0 (Pie) was introduced in august 2018. This version include button navigation system, back button, universal reply system for messaging, intelligence system for power and screen brightness management and a smarter way to handle Wi-Fi and battery saver mode.


Android 10.0:

September 2019 came with the release of Android 10.0. This version did not include code name. This includes tap-able back button and a hot-fix-style-update.

The code names of android versions from 1.5-9.0 are all named after sweet dishes and candies. Some says that founder of android are fond of sweets therefore they named android versions after sweets.

Some say that because is easy and as sweet as candies therefore, they are named after sweets.


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Concatenation of two DFAs

 Concatenation of DFA1 with DFA2:



Transition Table of DFA1.DFA2:



Resulting DFA (DFA1.DFA2):



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L1 is a language defined over {0,1} such that if starts with 0, length is odd. But if starts with 1, string should have even number of zeros. Write Regular Expression and make DFA.

 Here is DFA of a language:


Above DFA is accepting all the strings that if starts with '0' have odd length but if starts with '1' they must have even number of zeros.


Regular Expression:




State Transition Table:



Explicit Transition Graph:



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For assignments and quizzes do contact us:

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How to earn money Online- 2020 Advanced

 


I have seen people asking that how they can earn online without a skill or how to earn online free. So let me tell you that even for begging, skill is required. So don't ever think that you can earn money without skill.


Do you want to make money without leaving your home during the coronavirus outbreak? Or would you like to learn how to make money online to fund your trip when the coronavirus wears off? So, here I am with different online earning ideas. I have searched web to find this one for you and this really will be helpful for you.


Here are some of the main and trending online works that really will help you to earn living.


Sell your photos:

Do you have photography skills or do you live in an area where photographs are in demand? “Stock photography websites are massive photo repositories that cover just about every topic imaginable,” says International Living. How it works? Photographers can upload their photos to one of the many large databases for easy purchase by magazine publishers, designers, or organizations with websites. And the good thing about stock websites: Photos can be sold an unlimited number of times. So you can easily continue to earn money. Photo sites to review include Shutterstock, Photoshelter, and Getty Images.




Start Blogging:

A blog is a discussion or information website that is published on the World Wide Web and consists of newspaper-like text entries (articles), usually unofficial. Articles are usually displayed in reverse chronological order so that the most recent article appears first at the top of the web page. Until 2009, blogs were generally the work of an individual, sometimes a small group, and often dealt with a single topic or topic. In the 2010s, "multi-author blogs" (MAB) emerged where several authors were written and sometimes edited by experts. MAB from newspapers, other media, universities, think tanks, Interest groups and similar institutions blog more and more traffic. The rise of Twitter and other “micro-blogging” systems is helping to integrate MABs and individual author blogs into the news media.

Blog can also be used as a verb to add or maintain content on a blog.

If you have writing skills and you can produce a powerful content, than start Blogging.



Become a Freelancer:

Freelancing is now in the list of most popular professions. It is a quick and fast way to earn money. You can change your skills and passion into a profession. If you have skills and want to become a freelancer than surely you can.

Freelancer is a person who offers his service and charges for them. Is bit like a contractor or a businessman. In freelancing you are the boss and you can work without the limits of time, place, power etc. There are many freelancing platforms and here I'm listing some famous and competitive ones.




You can join any or all of them to start as a freelancer. But make sure that you have a relevant skill because without skills you can't earn.


Online Tutor:

Starting your own tutoring service can be a lucrative business that gives you a comfortable and flexible lifestyle, ”says International Living. "The best part is you can open private lessons in almost any country in the world." Tip: Offer discounts to customers who promote your business. “Word of mouth is still one of the most valuable marketing tools to start with,” says International Living. For a list of the best online tutoring jobs, visit the Tutors.com website. You can also apply to become a teacher on Tutorme.com.

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How to become an Ethical Hacker in 2020

  Basic Guide to Becoming an Ethical Hacker:

 I got a lot of emails asking for ways to become an ethical hacker. Much of the research has focused on the issue of being a black hat hacker who is often overlooked. Let’s have a look at the definition of ethical hacker.





Ethical Hacker:

An ethical hacker is someone who infiltrates a computer network to test or evaluate its security, and not for malicious or criminal purposes.

So if you want to be an ethical hacker, there is no easy way to go. It's easy to program a kid, install Armitage or Fast-Track, and shoot all known human exploits at a target. However, there is no point in running Linux exploits on a Windows computer.


Prerequisites:

You must have knowledge of the followings, in order to become a good hacker.

  • Programming.

  • Database.

  • Networking.

  • Operating system.

  • Technologies.


Now that you have made sure that you have a good working knowledge of the above areas, it is time to get started with hacking. Knowing the basics of IT can help you learn how to address some of the most important weaknesses in IT architecture.


Be legal:

It is important never to interfere with "black hat" hacking, that is, entering or attacking someone else's network without their full permission. Engaging in illegal activities even if it does not result in conviction is likely to end your career with ethical hacking. Most current positions are with government agencies and require security clearance and polygraph tests.


Open-Source:

Almost all of the best hacking operating systems are based on the Linux kernel, so the most popular operating systems used by hackers are always Linux. UNIX / LINUX is an open source operating system that offers more security to computer systems. It was originally developed by AT&T at Bell Labs and has contributed a lot to the world of security. Since you cannot become a hacker without learning about UNIX / LINUX, you must install the free open source versions of LINUX on your desktop.


International Conferencing:

As in other areas of IT, congresses and conferences on piracy are planned, for example DefCon, the oldest and largest of these. These meetings can be a great place to meet colleagues and employers, network, and learn more about hacking. DefCon has also joined local groups in select regions. Follow Instagram @ cybersafe.news for information on the upcoming event.


Career of a Hacker:

Hackers can find work in many different organizations, including the government. Generally, for the government to work with groups such as the Department of Defense or Homeland Security, a security clearance must be obtained that includes a full background check.

Networking in the hacker community allows you to find job openings. Hackers are heavily hired by all kinds of organizations looking to protect their IT systems. You can connect with colleagues and recruiters by attending events such as piracy conferences and congresses.

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How to become an Ethical Hacker in 2020